Art, Age & Health: A Research Journey about Developing Reminiscence Theatre in an Age-Exchange Project

In this article, the researcher studies how it is possible to develop a reminiscence theatre production in an age-exchange project, created with life stories from pensioners, and how the audience experiences the performance. The article is based on six focus group interviews with nine pensioners, a theatre production and a “reminiscence cafe” between the audience and the actors, arranged after the performance. The researcher designed the study, “The aged as a resource”, based on guidelines for performance ethnography, art-based research, practice-led research and artistic research, in order to combine science and art, which could be said to represent two different epistemological traditions.


InFormation
Volume 2, No 2 (2013) Art and science exist as separate spheres of knowledge with different languages that build on different epistemological standpoints (Aristotle, 2013). However, the Danish philosopher Knud Ejler Christian Løgstrup encourages us to view phenomena in the world as compatible contrasts, which gently converge towards a meeting point, and it is precisely this meeting between art and science that this article addresses (Løgstrup, 1961).
Four generations on the stage -an age-exchange journey is about to begin.

Research Question
In this article the researcher studies the following research question: How it is possible to develop a reminiscence theatre production in an age-exchange project, created with life stories from pensioners, and how does the audience experience the performance? This article is based on six focus group interviews with nine pensioners, a theatre production and a "reminiscence café" between the audience and the actors arranged after the performance, all part of the research study "The aged as a resource" . The researcher designed the study using guidelines based on performance ethnography, art-based research, practice-led research and artistic research (Denzin, 1997(Denzin, , 2003McNiff, 2009;Haseman, 2006;Haseman & Mafe, 2009). The project was carried out with 22 actors and 4 musicians in the mixed-age theatre group InFormation Volume 2, No 2 (2013) Extraordinary Theatre in Northern Norway in the spring of 2013 and culminated in a theatre production called Number Our Days. 2

Background
The background for the project 'The aged as a resource" was the desire to do something about the way society views the aged today. The research project was commenced with the wish to contribute to the creation of new knowledge about pensioners' thoughts about the lives they lived, but also to test out the use of reminiscence theatre in Norway.
The British professor of drama and theatre, Helen Nicholson, claims that applied theatre projects often aim, "to benefit individuals, communities and societies" (Nicholson, 2005, p. 2). Reminiscence theatre is a part of the so-called applied theatre sphere, the intention being to create theatre out of the bounds of mainstream theatre institutions in non-traditional settings, generally with one or another type of marginalized social group (Prendergast & Saxton, 2009). Many pensioners gradually begin to feel marginalized, standing on the periphery of society, since the demand for efficiency and earning power are so central to today's values. This is not a uniquely Norwegian phenomenon. 3 The World Health Organization (WHO) has a global focus working against ageism, as they wish to contribute to a preventative public-health-focused consciousness concerning the aged as a resource in local society. 4 Being "aged" is often referred to negatively in the media as a burden on the economy and healthcare systems, and professor of medicine, Peder Fredrik Hjort (2010), describes this as an "outsider perspective". 5 He claims that the aged are placed outside the healthy mainstream community. When the parliamentary report Tomorrow's care (St.meld. 29, 2012-13) was presented in April 2013, it called more for a shift in attitude than a need for structural changes in the sector. The new tone it introduces finds resonance in humanistic psychology and an emancipated humanity as I interpret it. We can read from the report that "we cannot accept retirement, but start to expect stronger participation both in political, cultural, social and perhaps also work-life for those 2 Nine pensioners were informants in six focus group interviews. The script was written based on the informants' life stories. Six elderly amateur actors worked with the script and took part in the theatre production. Also involved in the theatre production were six children, four teenagers and six social worker students. The students had chosen theatre as their bachelor specialization and wrote a thesis about their experiences in the group. who desire it." 6 After the war, huge emphasis was placed on the creation of a welfare society in Norway, able to provide safe and good conditions for the entire population, regardless of social class. 7 Aged care can be regarded as an expression of a welfare society, and it is this aged care the elderly of the future will presumably impose demands upon -and be critical towards.

Theoretical Framing
Reminiscence work is a part of aged care in Norway and often denotes a form of health-promoting work where one actively wishes to bring forth memories. The term "reminiscence" means recollections or memories. 8 The goal is to create a better quality of life through a meaningful and well-rooted identity in one's senior years. The objective is linked to the strengthening of the identity of the person and the focusing on the positive memories and personal strengths they have. Reminiscence work can be initiated for various reasons, from aiding the person in dealing with difficult circumstances to reducing damage to self-image or strengthening contact with family members. Reminiscence work is often initiated by health workers or cultural facilitators in order to create an atmosphere for discussion in which one evokes concrete stories based upon vague memories or physical-emotional echoes of experiences from earlier in life. 9 It is particularly with dementia patients that the concept of reminiscence is used, but also in the consolidation of the identity of healthy, resourceful pensioners. 10 There are many aged-care centres that create reminiscence rooms.International research across different cultures shows that the use of photos, letters, music, diaries and old rituals or roles can grant access to the past, and therefore to memories that can help to give the elderly an increased quality of life (Schweitzer, 2007;Williams & Lavery, 2011;Myskja, 2012). Photos such as the photo below, "Departure from New York", can give a person the input needed to generate an associative thought process:  snl.no. 9 According to the applied theatre worker Nina Rosenlund from Sadio Nor Teater, in an interview in autumn 2012. She told of a co-operation between cultural and health sectors in Tromsø, where they worked with hunting themes, the Sami perspective and shipping, amongst the elderly at an aged-care centre. 10 http://demensinfo.no/?page_id=1542.

InFormation
Volume 2 Memories perhaps begin to emerge, and the life one has lived unfolds again, but only as memories -as a trail activated inside the brain. Such a reminiscing process around a photo album can initiate a discussion with those who are close to the person and can thus be a part of promotion of health. Dr. Audun Myskja (2012) shows through his research that collaboration between health workers and music therapists in the form of musical reminiscence work gives very good results over time. Music can help fight "against anxiety amongst dementia patients […] The correct use of music can be a model for good environmental initiatives, and help staff to better understand the residents' needs". 11 Myskja's work comes from a tradition where music as a fine art is incorporated in reminiscence work. This article discusses precisely this kind of reminiscence work, which I choose to call art-based reminiscence work. Reminiscence theatre is created out of "older people's memories and uses creative drama approaches with groups of older people as a way of awakening and exploring memories" (Schweitzer, 2007, p. 14).
Reminiscence theatre can be a part of aged care, but can also be regarded as contemporary art and can thus be connected to the relational aesthetic (Bourriaud, 2007). With the relational aesthetic, the French art theorist Nicolas Bourriaud sought: [T]o revive the radical and transformational potential of contemporary art through a focus on artworks as social and collective capacities [...] Thus, he asked: Does the artwork permit you to co-exist with it, to dialogue with it? (Christensen-Scheel, 2008, p.79-80).

InFormation Volume 2, No 2 (2013)
With this, Bourriaud asserts that "the artwork is played out as an event before the audience, who are summoned by the actors" (Bourriaud, 2007, p.40). He argues for an artistic outlook in which inter-subjectivity is of the essence. Precisely this mode of participation, which Bourriaud demands in the relational aesthetic, is a hallmark of reminiscence theatre projects. When the elderly contribute their memoires to create reminiscence theatre, the viewer's life world is also challenged, as theatre sets in motion associations in the life of the viewer. In reminiscence theatre, a discussion is continuously taking place regarding how the narrative will be played out, for whom, and with what purpose. 12 As a starting point, it takes a personally imparted story -a given storyline in a specific period of time, where context and the distribution of roles is the object of try-outs within the group and in front of an audience. The relational connections between the past, present and future in reminiscence theatre therefore create room for critical reflection on everyday life between the artists (Dewey, 1934). In the same way, Bourriaud (2007) claims that contemporary art creates free spaces, time spaces where tempo resists and is different from the pace that dictates daily life. Both process-oriented forms such as reminiscence workshops as well as more product-orientated projects where a theatre production is the goal are a part of the reminiscence tradition, which is now developing, particularly in Great Britain. 13 In contemporary art, one reflects on the present time, preferably with an engaged relationship towards the sociological and political problems at hand; for example, regarding the health and care politics and the cultural policies that this study is connected to: "Contemporary art quite simply develops into a political project when it penetrates into the relational sphere and problematizes it" (Bourriaud 2007, p.21).
Through contemporary art one has the possibility to assume a critical point of view towards sociological patterns, institutions, political ordinances and forms of government, and can thus try to improve the society we live in using art as a vehicle for acknowledgement. Research projects such as the one this article is based upon can therefore be viewed in the perspective of contemporary art, since the project was set up as an attempt to readjust society's one-sided negative focus on the elderly as a problem. In this research project I was curious as to whether the participants experienced a type of involuntary marginalization because of their new pensioner existence without direct links to school or work life. This is referred to in scientific literature as a form of "lost fellowship", as described by the Polish-Jewish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman (2001) in his analysis of the modern day. He describes a world that is in an ever-decreasing state to accommodate shared responsibilities, but is rather characterized as a society "where 12 Interview with the artistic director for Age Exchange, David Savill, London, January 2013. 13 Interview with the artistic director for Age Exchange, David Savill, London, January 2013.

InFormation Volume 2, No 2 (2013)
if individuals cannot demonstrate special abilities it is considered reason enough to leave them to an inferior life" (Bauman 2001, p. 97). The elderly, in the perspective of Bauman, can be viewed by some as a group that does not contribute to society and who therefore must stand outside the so-called "productive fellowship".The goal of the hermeneutic process in this research study was to bind together the memories from the story tellers, the artwork and the reception of the public in an art-productive fellowship. In the essay "The Relevance of the Beautiful", Gadamer (1986) describes how we create art upon the background of our social lives. He points out that the artwork plays the players and transforms the actors who are involved through their active reception of the work. This argumentation can be connected to the American philosopher John Dewey's term "the aesthetic experience" in this way: We may create art from our social life and we may regenerate our lives by artistic/aesthetic experiences. Even when we create art from an intertextual play of other artistic elements and borrowings, we nevertheless take in and bring out impulses that are part of our lives, our social and cultural understanding. In this way the aesthetic experience belongs to a hermeneutical cycle including life and art work (Rasmussen & Gürgens, 2006, p.237).
This multifaceted connection between the social and aesthetic drama in life and art is a well-documented process in the theatre anthropology and performance theories of Victor Turner and Richard Schechner (Schechner, 1985;Brodzinski, 2010).

The Methodical Journey
This article is based on three different types of data from the project "The aged as a resource": 1. focus group interviews, 2. a theatre production and 3. a reminiscence café between the audience and the actors. The research project as a whole is designed as a performance ethnographical study (Denzin, 1997(Denzin, , 2003, which is formulated within the tradition of "art-based research" where theatre itself becomes the research tool (McNiff, 2007). As dramaturge, stage director and researcher, I have specifically utilized the research paradigm "practice-led research" in my work, the primary hallmarks of which, according to Haseman and Mafe (2009), are that the research question is in a state of evolution and practical methods are used as research methods. This means that one uses aesthetic creative work to carry out research and that exponential linguistic work(s) follow on from this. This article is a part of the written material, which follows the production work behind the theatre piece Number Our Days. The research process has a performative character since I researched using the poetic language and the aesthetic form of the theatre.
The theatre production can thereby: "[B]e viewed as a research result or a material and media-specific InFormation Volume 2, No 2 (2013) reflection, formed in its own language (Borgdorff, 2009). The artistic language carries in itself its own form of reflection" (Hovik, 2012, p. 97).
The main aim in the whole research project was to create an applied theatre production that communicates to the public what a group of elderly people think about the lives they have lived and how they perceive the youth's views of the aged today. In addition to the performative research paradigm, in the research project I have used qualitative research since I have chosen to utilize focus group interviews as a method. The Australian creative industry researcher Brad Haseman claims in "A Manifesto for Performative Research" that one can differentiate between three main paradigms within research: quantitative research, qualitative research and performative research (Haseman, 2006). He points out that quantitative research is often called "the scientific method", whilst qualitative research is, as a rule, referred to as "multi-method". Haseman choses to call performative research "multi-method led by practice".
Haseman describes performative research as "expressed in nonnumeric data […] forms of practice, of still and moving images, of music and sound, of live action and digital code" (Haseman, 2006, p.6). This research project thereby represents a triangulation between data in the form of words and data in the form of a theatre production.
I combined symbolic data such as photos from the audience, drama, playing, masked improvisations, use of historical props and costumes, and movement and music, with verbal data such as transcripts from the focus interviews and notes from the dialogue and the memory sharing at the reminiscence café we arranged immediately after the performances. The reminiscence theatre research project began for me as a researcher with the collection of data in 2011-12. Together with two colleges I invited a local steering committee that took responsibility for the recruiting of informants for a focus group. 14 The steering committee gathered together a reminiscence group of nine elderly informants who related memoires from their lives during six focus group interviews (Wibeck, 2010)  Summer 2013 16 Four of these had also taken part in the reminiscence group and their stories contributed to the production of the script. For a while there were seven elderly participants involved in the production, but halfway during the rehearsals Magnar Horsevik was forced to pull out due to ill-health.

Data Basis in the Project
The data basis in the research project is the digital sound recording of 6 focus group interviews with 9 elderly participants ranging between 65 to 95 years old (Wibeck, 2000). 17 The participants in the reminiscence group were active, articulate, reflective and therefore maybe also relatively representative of the so-called "new elderly". They took part in a reminiscence group over a period of six months when we had two hour-long meetings in the college's reminiscence room, as this photo shows: Memories, coffee and cake during conversations at the centre. 18 The meetings were conducted as focus group interviews, with the researcher as moderator. 19 The aim was to generate memories amongst the participants.
At the initiation of the first focus group interview, I was amazed as to how the participants viewed their own lives as they looked back on them, but also how they viewed the outlook of Norwegian society 17 10 hours recording. 18 Photo by HIH's Kjetil Nilsen. 19 A moderator is one who leads a focus group (Wibeck, 2010).

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regarding the elderly today, generally represented through negative terms such as "the wave of elderly" or "old and sick". 20 The questions in the interviews where based on the background of new research concerning the elderly and aging, the government's new senior policies, but also on the background of my earlier research experience within the field of applied theatre, both with youth who have dropped out of school, and youth with a disability. (Gjaerum & Ramsdal, 2011;Gjaerum, 2010;Gürgens, 2004 I used these themes as a moderator in order to induce memories which could be weaved into a theatre production. During the focus group interviews, I therefore initiated something one can call "hermeneutic memory-association circles". These circles functioned as the moderator's wonder or remarks gave rise to a story from one of the informants, which then in turn created a new association for another informant who then also shared their story with the group. Rising out of association circles, new stories about lived lives were shared in the group across the boundaries of geography, gender, religion, social class and education.
This can be viewed as a hermeneutic process in the reasoning of the German philosopher, Hans-Georg Gadamer (Gadamer, 1989).
The participants have themselves chosen not to be anonymous in this project and will therefore be mentioned by their full names since they wish to e active and visible collaborators and participants in society through this project. The nine storytellers were: Ivar Østberg, Ruth Haugland, Elin Kjellman, Riet Maria Cornelia Andreassen, Jakob Jakobsen, Johanne Pedersen, Solveig Marie Losnegaard Nilsen and Ørjan Johansen. The photo below was taken in spring 2012 and shows one of the informants who went by the nickname Post-Jakob. 20 In Norwegian: "eldrebølgen". A Google search I did returned 103,000 hits just on the term "the wave of elderly" and 1,710,000 hits for "old and sick". 21 From the moderator's notebook.

Jakob -a man with a story to tell. 22
Jakob Jakobsen was an enthusiastic storyteller in the reminiscence group, but unfortunately died before the production was finished. 23 All the same, the story of his wedding was the origin of scene 7, "Falling in love". Jakob died of cancer at 95 years old, still passionately preoccupied with his wife and lively in spirit.
Five of the nine informants chose to act out the life stories on stage themselves, and participated in the performance, and one new actor (Jan Karoliussen) joined the pensioners when we started the rehearsal process. The storytellers brought with them written memoires from their lives as well as photos and props, in addition to their oral stories. These objects are also considered as data connected to the focus group interviews in the ethnographic research project. The Producer-researcher's logbook A continual process of reflection and ideas from the project period.
Photographic documentation from the audience Photos of the scenes that the youth in the audience found most interesting and that they wanted to discuss with the pensioners after the performance.
Tickets for the performance were sold in pairs; one youthful and one elderly person could go and watch the performance together since the last part of the research project's data was created during the performance by the audience pairs themselves. The couples received a commission from the producer-researcher to capture the scenic moments they experienced as particularly interesting recollections through the use of the camera on their mobile phones. The photos were actively used in the reminiscence theatre café dialogues in the foyer, which the audience was invited to at the end of the performance. The photographic documentation that the audience created during the performance was thereby a central database in the research study, since the hermeneutic association circles in this project were not brought to conclusion until the memoires that have been transformed into drama reach their audience.

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In my view as an art-researcher, only when the audience has experienced the theatre and discussed their impressions has the cycle reached its conclusion. In the dialogues in the cafe, the actors, audience and producer-researcher sat together in order to reflect upon the various associations the performance provoked in the audience. This dialogue session was initiated as a processing period for those who had been involved in the applied theatre production -a tradition that is often found within the sphere of "applied theatre" (Nicholson, 2005;Thompson, 2003;Taylor, 2003;Taylor, 2006): Applied theatre projects in which participants are permitted to dialogue, to argue, to press a point, to interrogate the logic in any given action. Divergence should be welcomed (Taylor, 2003, p. 57).

Meeting with the Reminiscence Audience
We organized two "reminiscence theatre cafes" on 26 th May directly after the performances, where we encouraged dialogues around small tables. A "reminiscence theatre café", as I define it, is an arena for collective dialogue where the audience and the actors meet in a memory universe where individual memories and associations are shared. This process of dialogue aims to contribute to an expanded understanding of the themes of the performance. I wished to create a cozy atmosphere in the reminiscence theatre cafe, with room for reflection and the sharing of new memories that the audience associated with the visual journey they had just taken part in. Coffee and homemade cakes and biscuits were served. After the first performance, one third of the audience of 97 took part in the cafe, whilst after the second performance, two thirds of the 102 member audience joined in. I encouraged the audience to sit together across generational boundaries so that old and young could meet. The audience sat primarily together with people they knew, but also established contact with strangers around the tables. On each table there was a sheet of paper, which was to be filled out together in the groups. The following three questions were on the sheet of paper: 1. Image associations: Which scenes did you take photos of? Show the photos you took to the person beside you and explain why this scene touched you. (Send the photos as an MMS to xxxxx phone number). The generation-bridging element of the play was an object of intense debate in the cafe. And in answer to the question about what it meant for the audience to see children, youth, adults and elderly act together in the theatre, it was stated, amongst other things, that it is: "A reminder that life goes in phases, that the elderly were once children". 25 The audience was preoccupied with various aspects associated with work across the generations. Here is a selection of the answers the audience wrote down during the group discussions: "We have much to learn from each other". Having something in common created an expression -created an impression". "Exciting to have such an age range". "It is seen that not everything has changed, but much is the same". "Great to play together, across the generation gap". "We need to contrive arenas where old and On the basis of both the photos that were sent in and the written answers, it appeared that the scene that made the biggest impact on the audience was scene 11, "The obituary", where a grandfather and a grandchild come onto the stage as paperboys on an old-fashioned bicycle, as seen in this photo of a young, enthusiastic paperboy. 27 The grandfather reads from a real obituary for Eva Haddeland from February 2013 in the newspaper Aftenposten. After this reading, they sing Nordstoga's "A granddad in life" together. 28

A granddad in life. 29
Also having an impact was scene 6, "The sound of peace", which is about the 7 th May celebrations and the liberation of a prisoner condemned to death and his reunion with his wife; it was picked out by some as from scene 4, 'The letter', which was also emphasized as touching by some of the audience during the conversations in the cafe. They recognized the experience of having a father who sailed away and came home after several years, often with exciting, exotic presents for his wife and children. the audience did experience the performance as an aesthetic experience and an art work that created hermeneutic association circles through reflections on the phenomena of solidarity, belonging and the need for mutual meeting places. The reminiscence theatre performance gave the audience new insight about the connection between the past, present and future, and was perceived as a political and critical statement on the position of the elderly in society. The audience reported that they experienced the production as a trigger to a debate on the value of the aged.

Epilogue
An artistic, performed "memory world" has be investigated Life itself unites art and science

Life lived is a trail that fades away with time
It is only the images of human encounters that remain after we are gone The trails you create in another person become memories that can be passed on to others Therefore, we must build bridges between generations and bring the past forward in order to create a human insight that can live on. Both art and research are spheres of knowledge that can bring generations together and contribute towards ensuring that voices do not become silent, even though life runs out into the sands of time. The future contains many challenges regarding aged care that cannot be left to health and social services, for it is our own responsibility. It is just as much about what kind of future society we want to build. An active senior policy builds bridges between generations. 31 The theatre is a medium that can pay homage to memories and the joy of all days, so that we learn to number our days. "Teach us to number our days carefully so that we may develop wisdom in our hearts". 32